This portfolio backtesting tool allows you to construct one or more portfolios based on the selected asset class level allocations in order to analyze and backtest portfolio returns, risk characteristics, drawdowns, and rolling returns. You can compare up to three different portfolios against the selected benchmark, and you can also specify any periodic contribution or withdrawal cashflows and the preferred portfolio rebalancing strategy.
You can also use the portfolio backtesting tool to build and compare portfolios based on specific mutual funds, ETFs, and stocks.
Trailing return and volatility are as of last full calendar month ending December 2019
Notes on results:
IMPORTANT: The projections or other information generated by Portfolio Visualizer regarding the likelihood of various investment outcomes are hypothetical in nature, do not reflect actual investment results and are not guarantees of future results. Results may vary with each use and over time.
The results do not constitute investment advice or recommendation, are provided solely for informational purposes, and are not an offer to buy or sell any securities. All use is subject to terms of service.
Investing involves risk, including possible loss of principal. Past performance is not a guarantee of future results.
Asset allocation and diversification strategies do not guarantee a profit or protect against a loss.
Hypothetical returns do not reflect trading costs, transaction fees, commissions, or actual taxes due on investment returns.
The results are based on information from a variety of sources we consider reliable, but we do not represent that the information is accurate or complete.
Portfolio model information represents a blended portfolio consisting of the model's underlying positions and assigned weights provided by the user and rebalanced at the specified schedule. The results were constructed using net of fee mutual fund performance. Portfolio Visualizer does not provide preferential treatment to any specific security or investment.
The results are based on the total return of assets and assume that all received dividends and distributions are reinvested.
Compound annualized growth rate (CAGR) is the annualized geometric mean return of the portfolio. It is calculated from the portfolio start and end balance and is thus impacted by any cashflows.
The time-weighted rate of return (TWRR) is a measure of the compound rate of growth in a portfolio. This is calculated from the holding period returns (e.g. monthly returns), and TWRR will thus not be impacted by cashflows. If there are no external cashflows, TWRR will equal CAGR.
The money-weighted rate of return (MWRR) is the internal rate of return (IRR) taking into account cashflows. This is the discount rate at which the present value of cash inflows equals the present value of cash outflows.
Standard deviation (Stdev) is used to measure the dispersion of returns around the mean and is often used as a measure of risk. A higher standard deviation implies greater the dispersion of data points around the mean.
Sharpe Ratio is a measure of risk-adjusted performance of the portfolio, and it is calculated by dividing the mean monthly excess return of the portfolio over the risk-free rate by the standard deviation of excess return, and the displayed value is annualized.
Sortino Ratio is a measure of risk-adjusted return which is a modification of the Sharpe Ratio. While the latter is the ratio of average returns in excess of a risk-free rate divided by the standard deviation of those excess returns, the Sortino Ratio has the same denominator divided by the standard deviation of returns below the risk-free rate.
Treynor Ratio is a measure of risk-adjusted performance of the portfolio. It is similar to the Sharpe Ratio, but it uses portfolio beta (systematic risk) as the risk metric in the denominator.
Calmar Ratio is a measure of risk-adjusted performance of the portfolio. It is calculated as the annualized return over the past 36 months divided by the maximum drawdown over the past 36 months based on monthly returns.
Risk-free returns are calculated based on the Federal Reserve 3-Month Treasury Bill (secondary market) rates.
Downside deviation measures the downside volatility of the portfolio returns unlike standard deviation, which includes both upside and downside deviations. Downside deviation is calculated based on negative returns that hurt the portfolio performance.
Correlation measures to what degree the returns of the two assets move in relation to each other. Correlation coefficient is a numerical value between -1 and +1. If one variable goes up by a certain amount, the correlation coefficient indicates which way the other variable moves and by how much. Asset correlations are calculated based on monthly returns.
Skewness is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution or returns from a normal Gaussian distribution shape about its mean. Negative skewness is associated with the left (typically negative returns) tail of the distribution extending further than the right tail; and positive skewness is associated with the right (typically positive returns) tail of the distribution extending further than the left tail.
Excess kurtosis is a measure of whether a data distribution is peaked or flat relative to a normal distribution. Distributions with high kurtosis tend to have a distinct peak near the mean, decline rather rapidly, and have heavy or fat tails.
A drawdown refers to the decline in value of a single investment or an investment portfolio from a relative peak value to a relative trough. A maximum drawdown (Max Drawdown) is the maximum observed loss from a peak to a trough of a portfolio before a new peak is attained. Drawdown values are calculated based on monthly returns.
Value at Risk (VaR) measures the scale of loss at a given confidence level. If the 5% VaR is -3% the portfolio return is expected to be greater than -3% 95% of the time and less than -3% 5% of the time. Value at Risk can be calculated directly based on historical returns based on a given percentile or analytically based on the mean and standard deviation of the returns.
Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) measures the scale of the expected loss once the specific Value at Risk (VaR) breakpoint has been breached, i.e., it calculates the average tail loss by taking a weighted average between the value at risk and losses exceeding the value at risk.
Beta is a measure of systematic risk and measures the volatility of a particular investment relative to the market or its benchmark. Alpha measures the active return of the investment compared to the market benchmark return. R-squared is the percentage of a portfolio's movements that can be explained by movements in the selected benchmark index.
Active return is the investment return minus the return of its benchmark. For periods longer than 12 months this is displayed as annualized value, i.e., annualized investment return minus annualized benchmark return.
Tracking error, also known as active risk, is the standard deviation of active return. This is displayed as annualized value based on the standard deviation of monthly active returns.
Information ratio is the active return divided by the tracking error. It measures whether the investment outperformed its benchmark consistently.
Gain/Loss ratio is a measure of downside risk, and it is calculated as the average positive return in up periods divided by the average negative return in down periods.
Upside Capture Ratio measures how well the fund performed relative to the benchmark when the market was up, and Downside Capture Ratio measures how well the fund performed relative to the benchmark when the market was down. An upside capture ratio greater than 100 would indicate that the fund outperformed its benchmark when the market was up, and a downside capture ratio below 100 would indicate that the fund lost less than its benchmark when the market was down. To calculate upside capture ratio a new series from the portfolio returns is constructed by dropping all time periods where the benchmark return is less than equal to zero. The up capture is then the quotient of the annualized return of the resulting manager series, divided by the annualized return of the resulting benchmark series. The downside capture ratio is calculated analogously.
All risk measures for the portfolio and portfolio assets are calculated based on monthly returns.
The results assume annual rebalancing of portfolio assets to match the specified allocation.
Annual returns for the configured portfolios
Year
Inflation
Portfolio 1
Portfolio 2
Portfolio 3
US Stock Market
Gold
Return
Balance
Return
Balance
Return
Balance
1972
3.41%
17.62%
$11,762
33.32%
$13,332
49.02%
$14,902
17.62%
49.02%
1973
8.71%
-18.18%
$9,623
27.39%
$16,984
72.96%
$25,775
-18.18%
72.96%
1974
12.34%
-27.81%
$6,947
19.17%
$20,239
66.15%
$42,824
-27.81%
66.15%
1975
6.94%
37.82%
$9,574
6.51%
$21,556
-24.80%
$32,204
37.82%
-24.80%
1976
4.86%
26.47%
$12,108
11.18%
$23,968
-4.10%
$30,884
26.47%
-4.10%
1977
6.70%
-3.36%
$11,701
9.64%
$26,278
22.64%
$37,876
-3.36%
22.64%
1978
9.02%
8.45%
$12,691
22.73%
$32,252
37.01%
$51,894
8.45%
37.01%
1979
13.29%
24.25%
$15,768
75.40%
$56,569
126.55%
$117,566
24.25%
126.55%
1980
12.52%
33.15%
$20,995
24.17%
$70,241
15.19%
$135,419
33.15%
15.19%
1981
8.92%
-4.15%
$20,124
-18.37%
$57,335
-32.60%
$91,274
-4.15%
-32.60%
1982
3.83%
20.50%
$24,249
17.72%
$67,495
14.94%
$104,914
20.50%
14.94%
1983
3.79%
22.66%
$29,743
3.18%
$69,639
-16.31%
$87,807
22.66%
-16.31%
1984
3.95%
2.19%
$30,394
-8.60%
$63,653
-19.38%
$70,792
2.19%
-19.38%
1985
3.80%
31.27%
$39,898
18.64%
$75,516
6.00%
$75,040
31.27%
6.00%
1986
1.10%
14.57%
$45,713
16.77%
$88,176
18.96%
$89,265
14.57%
18.96%
1987
4.43%
2.61%
$46,908
13.57%
$100,142
24.53%
$111,160
2.61%
24.53%
1988
4.42%
17.32%
$55,031
1.03%
$101,174
-15.26%
$94,202
17.32%
-15.26%
1989
4.65%
28.12%
$70,505
12.64%
$113,962
-2.84%
$91,527
28.12%
-2.84%
1990
6.11%
-6.08%
$66,220
-4.59%
$108,727
-3.11%
$88,680
-6.08%
-3.11%
1991
3.06%
32.39%
$87,670
11.92%
$121,684
-8.56%
$81,091
32.39%
-8.56%
1992
2.90%
9.11%
$95,654
1.69%
$123,736
-5.73%
$76,441
9.11%
-5.73%
1993
2.75%
10.62%
$105,817
14.15%
$141,246
17.68%
$89,954
10.62%
17.68%
1994
2.67%
-0.17%
$105,638
-1.17%
$139,594
-2.17%
$88,002
-0.17%
-2.17%
1995
2.54%
35.79%
$143,441
18.38%
$165,255
0.98%
$88,863
35.79%
0.98%
1996
3.32%
20.96%
$173,510
8.19%
$178,785
-4.59%
$84,788
20.96%
-4.59%
1997
1.70%
30.99%
$227,288
4.79%
$187,355
-21.41%
$66,636
30.99%
-21.41%
1998
1.61%
23.26%
$280,165
11.22%
$208,373
-0.83%
$66,085
23.26%
-0.83%
1999
2.68%
23.81%
$346,880
12.33%
$234,070
0.85%
$66,648
23.81%
0.85%
2000
3.39%
-10.57%
$310,199
-8.01%
$215,323
-5.44%
$63,020
-10.57%
-5.44%
2001
1.55%
-10.97%
$276,183
-5.11%
$204,321
0.75%
$63,490
-10.97%
0.75%
2002
2.38%
-20.96%
$218,293
2.30%
$209,030
25.57%
$79,724
-20.96%
25.57%
2003
1.88%
31.35%
$286,736
25.62%
$262,585
19.89%
$95,580
31.35%
19.89%
2004
3.26%
12.52%
$322,624
8.58%
$285,121
4.65%
$100,023
12.52%
4.65%
2005
3.42%
5.98%
$341,918
11.87%
$318,968
17.76%
$117,789
5.98%
17.76%
2006
2.54%
15.51%
$394,954
19.03%
$379,666
22.55%
$144,348
15.51%
22.55%
2007
4.08%
5.49%
$416,635
17.97%
$447,899
30.45%
$188,308
5.49%
30.45%
2008
0.09%
-37.04%
$262,323
-16.06%
$375,980
4.92%
$197,580
-37.04%
4.92%
2009
2.72%
28.70%
$337,604
26.36%
$475,101
24.03%
$245,056
28.70%
24.03%
2010
1.50%
17.09%
$395,313
23.18%
$585,240
29.27%
$316,785
17.09%
29.27%
2011
2.96%
0.96%
$399,116
5.26%
$616,047
9.57%
$347,089
0.96%
9.57%
2012
1.74%
16.25%
$463,985
11.43%
$686,438
6.60%
$369,995
16.25%
6.60%
2013
1.50%
33.35%
$618,722
2.51%
$703,667
-28.33%
$265,176
33.35%
-28.33%
2014
0.76%
12.43%
$695,625
5.12%
$739,702
-2.19%
$259,376
12.43%
-2.19%
2015
0.73%
0.29%
$697,654
-5.19%
$701,314
-10.67%
$231,698
0.29%
-10.67%
2016
2.07%
12.53%
$785,093
10.28%
$773,431
8.03%
$250,310
12.53%
8.03%
2017
2.11%
21.05%
$950,367
16.93%
$904,375
12.81%
$282,372
21.05%
12.81%
2018
1.91%
-5.26%
$900,414
-3.60%
$871,830
-1.94%
$276,892
-5.26%
-1.94%
2019
2.29%
30.65%
$1,176,380
24.25%
$1,083,268
17.86%
$326,332
30.65%
17.86%
Portfolio return and risk metrics
Metric
Portfolio 1
Portfolio 2
Portfolio 3
Arithmetic Mean (monthly)
0.93%
0.89%
0.77%
Arithmetic Mean (annualized)
11.75%
11.16%
9.64%
Geometric Mean (monthly)
0.83%
0.82%
0.61%
Geometric Mean (annualized)
10.44%
10.25%
7.53%
Standard Deviation (monthly)
4.43%
3.72%
5.80%
Standard Deviation (annualized)
15.34%
12.90%
20.08%
Downside Deviation (monthly)
2.88%
2.14%
3.28%
Maximum Drawdown
-50.89%
-33.29%
-61.78%
Stock Market Correlation
1.00
0.59
0.01
Beta(*)
1.00
0.50
0.01
Alpha (annualized)
0.00%
5.09%
9.10%
R2
100.00%
34.76%
0.01%
Sharpe Ratio
0.42
0.46
0.23
Sortino Ratio
0.61
0.73
0.37
Treynor Ratio (%)
6.50
12.02
388.00
Calmar Ratio
1.01
1.57
0.79
Active Return
0.00%
-0.19%
-2.91%
Tracking Error
0.00%
12.98%
25.17%
Information Ratio
N/A
-0.01
-0.12
Skewness
-0.55
0.17
0.88
Excess Kurtosis
2.20
3.83
4.23
Historical Value-at-Risk (5%)
-6.79%
-4.41%
-6.80%
Analytical Value-at-Risk (5%)
-6.36%
-5.24%
-8.77%
Conditional Value-at-Risk (5%)
-9.86%
-7.28%
-10.58%
Upside Capture Ratio (%)
100.00
58.46
17.04
Downside Capture Ratio (%)
100.00
40.33
-16.53
Safe Withdrawal Rate
4.33%
7.85%
5.86%
Perpetual Withdrawal Rate
5.93%
5.77%
3.38%
Positive Periods
361 out of 576 (62.67%)
349 out of 576 (60.59%)
298 out of 576 (51.74%)
Gain/Loss Ratio
1.02
1.27
1.36
* US stock market is used as the benchmark for calculations. Value-at-risk metrics are based on monthly values.
Drawdowns for Historical Market Stress Periods
Drawdowns for Historical Market Stress Periods
Stress Period
Start
End
Portfolio 1
Portfolio 2
Portfolio 3
Oil Crisis
Oct 1973
Mar 1974
-12.61%
-3.90%
-2.00%
Black Monday Period
Sep 1987
Nov 1987
-29.34%
-11.77%
0.00%
Asian Crisis
Jul 1997
Jan 1998
-3.72%
-4.56%
-13.26%
Russian Debt Default
Jul 1998
Oct 1998
-17.57%
-12.95%
-7.73%
Dotcom Crash
Mar 2000
Oct 2002
-44.11%
-16.85%
-12.24%
Subprime Crisis
Nov 2007
Mar 2009
-50.89%
-26.02%
-25.83%
Drawdowns for Portfolio 1
Drawdowns for Portfolio 1 (worst 10)
Rank
Start
End
Length
Recovery By
Recovery Time
Underwater Period
Drawdown
1
Nov 2007
Feb 2009
1 year 4 months
Mar 2012
3 years 1 month
4 years 5 months
-50.89%
2
Jan 1973
Sep 1974
1 year 9 months
Dec 1976
2 years 3 months
4 years
-45.86%
3
Sep 2000
Sep 2002
2 years 1 month
Apr 2006
3 years 7 months
5 years 8 months
-44.11%
4
Sep 1987
Nov 1987
3 months
May 1989
1 year 6 months
1 year 9 months
-29.34%
5
Dec 1980
Jul 1982
1 year 8 months
Oct 1982
3 months
1 year 11 months
-17.85%
6
Jul 1998
Aug 1998
2 months
Nov 1998
3 months
5 months
-17.57%
7
Jun 1990
Oct 1990
5 months
Feb 1991
4 months
9 months
-16.20%
8
Oct 2018
Dec 2018
3 months
Apr 2019
4 months
7 months
-14.28%
9
Mar 1980
Mar 1980
1 month
Jun 1980
3 months
4 months
-11.98%
10
Sep 1978
Oct 1978
2 months
Mar 1979
5 months
7 months
-11.64%
Worst 10 drawdowns included above
Drawdowns for Portfolio 2
Drawdowns for Portfolio 2 (worst 10)
Rank
Start
End
Length
Recovery By
Recovery Time
Underwater Period
Drawdown
1
Dec 1980
Jun 1982
1 year 7 months
Nov 1985
3 years 5 months
5 years
-33.29%
2
Mar 2008
Oct 2008
8 months
Nov 2009
1 year 1 month
1 year 9 months
-26.02%
3
Apr 1974
Sep 1974
6 months
Feb 1975
5 months
11 months
-20.36%
4
Feb 1980
Mar 1980
2 months
Jun 1980
3 months
5 months
-18.61%
5
Jan 2000
Sep 2002
2 years 9 months
Aug 2003
11 months
3 years 8 months
-16.91%
6
May 1998
Aug 1998
4 months
Dec 1998
4 months
8 months
-14.57%
7
Jul 1973
Nov 1973
5 months
Jan 1974
2 months
7 months
-14.01%
8
Jul 1975
Sep 1975
3 months
Dec 1976
1 year 3 months
1 year 6 months
-13.00%
9
Sep 1987
Nov 1987
3 months
Nov 1989
2 years
2 years 3 months
-11.77%
10
Nov 1978
Nov 1978
1 month
Jan 1979
2 months
3 months
-10.50%
Worst 10 drawdowns included above
Drawdowns for Portfolio 3
Drawdowns for Portfolio 3 (worst 10)
Rank
Start
End
Length
Recovery By
Recovery Time
Underwater Period
Drawdown
1
Oct 1980
Aug 1999
18 years 11 months
Apr 2007
7 years 8 months
26 years 7 months
-61.78%
2
Jan 1975
Aug 1976
1 year 8 months
Jul 1978
1 year 11 months
3 years 7 months
-44.24%
3
Sep 2011
Dec 2015
4 years 4 months
-42.91%
4
Mar 2008
Oct 2008
8 months
May 2009
7 months
1 year 3 months
-25.83%
5
Feb 1980
Mar 1980
2 months
Jun 1980
3 months
5 months
-24.27%
6
Jul 1973
Oct 1973
4 months
Jan 1974
3 months
7 months
-20.49%
7
Nov 1978
Nov 1978
1 month
Feb 1979
3 months
4 months
-20.28%
8
Apr 1974
Jun 1974
3 months
Nov 1974
5 months
8 months
-16.62%
9
Dec 2009
Jan 2010
2 months
May 2010
4 months
6 months
-8.37%
10
Aug 1972
Nov 1972
4 months
Feb 1973
3 months
7 months
-6.88%
Worst 10 drawdowns included above
Portfolio Assets
Performance statistics for portfolio components
Name
CAGR
Stdev
Best Year
Worst Year
Max Drawdown
Sharpe Ratio
Sortino Ratio
Market Correlation
US Stock Market
10.44%
15.34%
37.82%
-37.04%
-50.89%
0.42
0.61
1.00
Gold
7.53%
20.08%
126.55%
-32.60%
-61.78%
0.23
0.37
0.01
Portfolio Asset Performance
Performance of portfolio assets
Name
Total Return
Annualized Return
3 Month
Year To Date
1 year
3 year
5 year
10 year
US Stock Market
8.97%
30.65%
30.65%
14.43%
11.08%
13.30%
Gold
2.90%
17.86%
17.86%
9.24%
4.70%
2.91%
Trailing returns as of last calendar month ending December 2019
Monthly Correlations
Correlations for the portfolio assets
Name
US Stock Market
Gold
Portfolio 1
Portfolio 2
Portfolio 3
US Stock Market
1.00
0.01
1.00
0.59
0.01
Gold
0.01
1.00
0.01
0.81
1.00
Portfolio Return Decomposition
Portfolio return decomposition
Name
Portfolio 1
Portfolio 2
Portfolio 3
US Stock Market
$1,166,380
$719,305
Gold
$353,963
$316,332
Return attribution decomposes portfolio gains into its constituent parts and identifies the contribution to returns by each of the assets.
Portfolio Risk Decomposition
Portfolio risk decomposition
Name
Portfolio 1
Portfolio 2
Portfolio 3
US Stock Market
100.00%
35.84%
Gold
64.16%
100.00%
Risk attribution decomposes portfolio risk into its constituent parts and identifies the contribution to overall volatility by each of the assets.