Backtest Portfolio Asset Class Allocation

Asset Class Allocation Overview

This portfolio backtesting tool allows you to construct one or more portfolios based on the selected asset class level allocations in order to analyze and backtest portfolio returns, risk characteristics, drawdowns, and rolling returns. You can compare up to three different portfolios against the selected benchmark, and you can also specify any periodic contribution or withdrawal cashflows and the preferred portfolio rebalancing strategy.

You can also use the portfolio backtesting tool to build and compare portfolios based on specific mutual funds, ETFs, and stocks.

Portfolio Model Configuration

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Portfolio Analysis Results (Jan 1978 - May 2023)

T-Bills/LTT

Asset Class Allocation
Cash 50.00%
Long Term Treasury 50.00%
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Stock/T-Bills

Asset Class Allocation
US Stock Market 50.00%
Cash 50.00%
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Stock/Gold

Asset Class Allocation
US Stock Market 50.00%
Gold 50.00%
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Performance Summary

PortfolioInitial BalanceFinal BalanceCAGRStdevBest YearWorst YearMax. DrawdownSharpe RatioSortino RatioMarket Correlation
T-Bills/LTT$10,000$144,284 6.05% 5.75%29.28%-13.88%-20.71% 0.320.500.05
Stock/T-Bills$10,000$357,509 8.19% 7.80%22.65%-17.75%-26.83% 0.510.731.00
Stock/Gold$10,000$544,258 9.20% 12.55%75.40%-18.37%-33.29% 0.430.660.66

Portfolio Growth

   

Annual Returns

Trailing Returns

NameTotal ReturnAnnualized ReturnAnnualized Standard Deviation
3 MonthYear To Date1 year3 year5 year10 yearFull3 year5 year
T-Bills/LTT1.74%3.07%-1.54%-5.03%0.82%1.47%6.05%6.56%6.97%
Stock/T-Bills2.69%5.33%3.23%7.15%6.17%6.43%8.19%8.79%9.35%
Stock/Gold5.72%8.08%4.45%8.21%9.37%7.72%9.20%13.03%12.76%
Trailing return and volatility are as of last full calendar month ending May 2023
Notes and Disclosures
  • IMPORTANT: The projections or other information generated by Portfolio Visualizer regarding the likelihood of various investment outcomes are hypothetical in nature, do not reflect actual investment results and are not guarantees of future results. Results may vary with each use and over time.
  • The results do not constitute investment advice or recommendation, are provided solely for informational purposes, and are not an offer to buy or sell any securities. All use is subject to terms of service.
  • Investing involves risk, including possible loss of principal. Past performance is not a guarantee of future results.
  • Asset allocation and diversification strategies do not guarantee a profit or protect against a loss.
  • Hypothetical returns do not reflect trading costs, transaction fees, commissions, or actual taxes due on investment returns.
  • The results are based on information from a variety of sources we consider reliable, but we do not represent that the information is accurate or complete.
  • Refer to the related documentation sections for more details on terms and definitions, methodology, and data sources.
  • Portfolio model information represents a blended portfolio consisting of the model's underlying positions and assigned weights provided by the user and rebalanced at the specified schedule. The results were constructed using net of fee mutual fund performance. Portfolio Visualizer does not provide preferential treatment to any specific security or investment.
  • The results are based on the total return of assets and assume that all received dividends and distributions are reinvested.
  • Compound annualized growth rate (CAGR) is the annualized geometric mean return of the portfolio. It is calculated from the portfolio start and end balance and is thus impacted by any cashflows.
  • The time-weighted rate of return (TWRR) is a measure of the compound rate of growth in a portfolio. This is calculated from the holding period returns (e.g. monthly returns), and TWRR will thus not be impacted by cashflows. If there are no external cashflows, TWRR will equal CAGR.
  • The money-weighted rate of return (MWRR) is the internal rate of return (IRR) taking into account cashflows. This is the discount rate at which the present value of cash inflows equals the present value of cash outflows.
  • Standard deviation (Stdev) is used to measure the dispersion of returns around the mean and is often used as a measure of risk. A higher standard deviation implies greater the dispersion of data points around the mean.
  • Sharpe Ratio is a measure of risk-adjusted performance of the portfolio, and it is calculated by dividing the mean monthly excess return of the portfolio over the risk-free rate by the standard deviation of excess return, and the displayed value is annualized.
  • Sortino Ratio is a measure of risk-adjusted return which is a modification of the Sharpe Ratio. While the latter is the ratio of average returns in excess of a risk-free rate divided by the standard deviation of those excess returns, the Sortino Ratio has the same denominator divided by the standard deviation of returns below the risk-free rate.
  • Treynor Ratio is a measure of risk-adjusted performance of the portfolio. It is similar to the Sharpe Ratio, but it uses portfolio beta (systematic risk) as the risk metric in the denominator.
  • Calmar Ratio is a measure of risk-adjusted performance of the portfolio. It is calculated as the annualized return over the past 36 months divided by the maximum drawdown over the past 36 months based on monthly returns.
  • Risk-free returns are calculated based on the Federal Reserve 3-Month Treasury Bill (secondary market) rates.
  • Downside deviation measures the downside volatility of the portfolio returns unlike standard deviation, which includes both upside and downside deviations. Downside deviation is calculated based on negative returns that hurt the portfolio performance.
  • Correlation measures to what degree the returns of the two assets move in relation to each other. Correlation coefficient is a numerical value between -1 and +1. If one variable goes up by a certain amount, the correlation coefficient indicates which way the other variable moves and by how much. Asset correlations are calculated based on monthly returns.
  • Skewness is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution or returns from a normal Gaussian distribution shape about its mean. Negative skewness is associated with the left (typically negative returns) tail of the distribution extending further than the right tail; and positive skewness is associated with the right (typically positive returns) tail of the distribution extending further than the left tail.
  • Excess kurtosis is a measure of whether a data distribution is peaked or flat relative to a normal distribution. Distributions with high kurtosis tend to have a distinct peak near the mean, decline rather rapidly, and have heavy or fat tails.
  • A drawdown refers to the decline in value of a single investment or an investment portfolio from a relative peak value to a relative trough. A maximum drawdown (Max Drawdown) is the maximum observed loss from a peak to a trough of a portfolio before a new peak is attained. Drawdown values are calculated based on monthly returns.
  • Value at Risk (VaR) measures the scale of loss at a given confidence level. For example, if the 95% confidence one-month VaR is 3%, there is 95% confidence that over the next month the portfolio will not lose more than 3%. Value at Risk can be calculated directly based on historical returns based on a given percentile or analytically based on the mean and standard deviation of the returns.
  • Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) measures the scale of the expected loss once the specific Value at Risk (VaR) breakpoint has been breached, i.e., it calculates the average tail loss by taking a weighted average between the value at risk and losses exceeding the value at risk.
  • Beta is a measure of systematic risk and measures the volatility of a particular investment relative to the market or its benchmark. Alpha measures the active return of the investment compared to the market benchmark return. R-squared is the percentage of a portfolio's movements that can be explained by movements in the selected benchmark index.
  • Active return is the investment return minus the return of its benchmark. For periods longer than 12 months this is displayed as annualized value, i.e., annualized investment return minus annualized benchmark return.
  • Tracking error, also known as active risk, is the standard deviation of active return. This is displayed as annualized value based on the standard deviation of monthly active returns.
  • Information ratio is the active return divided by the tracking error. It measures whether the investment outperformed its benchmark consistently.
  • Gain/Loss ratio is a measure of downside risk, and it is calculated as the average positive return in up periods divided by the average negative return in down periods.
  • Upside Capture Ratio measures how well the fund performed relative to the benchmark when the market was up, and Downside Capture Ratio measures how well the fund performed relative to the benchmark when the market was down. An upside capture ratio greater than 100 would indicate that the fund outperformed its benchmark when the market was up, and a downside capture ratio below 100 would indicate that the fund lost less than its benchmark when the market was down. To calculate upside capture ratio a new series from the portfolio returns is constructed by dropping all time periods where the benchmark return is less than equal to zero. The up capture is then the quotient of the annualized return of the resulting manager series, divided by the annualized return of the resulting benchmark series. The downside capture ratio is calculated analogously.
  • All risk measures for the portfolio and portfolio assets are calculated based on monthly returns.
  • The annual results for 2023 are based on monthly returns from January to May.
  • The results assume annual rebalancing of portfolio assets to match the specified allocation.

Annual Returns

YearInflationT-Bills/LTTStock/T-BillsStock/GoldCashLong Term TreasuryUS Stock MarketGold
ReturnBalanceReturnBalanceReturnBalance
19789.02%2.95%$10,2957.95%$10,79522.73%$12,2737.45%-1.55%8.45%37.01%
197913.29%4.19%$10,72717.37%$12,67175.40%$21,52710.49%-2.10%24.25%126.55%
198012.52%3.58%$11,11122.65%$15,54024.17%$26,73012.15%-4.99%33.15%15.19%
19818.92%7.97%$11,9975.57%$16,406-18.37%$21,81915.29%0.65%-4.15%-32.60%
19823.83%29.28%$15,50915.97%$19,02617.72%$25,68511.45%47.10%20.50%14.94%
19833.79%3.87%$16,10915.85%$22,0413.18%$26,5019.03%-1.29%22.66%-16.31%
19843.95%13.20%$18,2366.18%$23,403-8.60%$24,22310.17%16.24%2.19%-19.38%
19853.80%22.39%$22,31919.58%$27,98518.64%$28,7377.88%36.90%31.27%6.00%
19861.10%18.57%$26,46410.43%$30,90216.77%$33,5556.28%30.87%14.57%18.96%
19874.43%1.51%$26,8624.27%$32,22313.57%$38,1095.93%-2.92%2.61%24.53%
19884.42%7.98%$29,00512.06%$36,1091.03%$38,5016.80%9.15%17.32%-15.26%
19894.65%13.27%$32,85418.36%$42,74012.64%$43,3688.61%17.93%28.12%-2.84%
19906.11%6.84%$35,1000.91%$43,128-4.59%$41,3767.89%5.78%-6.08%-3.11%
19913.06%11.57%$39,16119.05%$51,34311.92%$46,3065.71%17.43%32.39%-8.56%
19922.90%5.49%$41,3106.34%$54,5981.69%$47,0873.57%7.41%9.11%-5.73%
19932.75%9.92%$45,4086.84%$58,33214.15%$53,7513.05%16.78%10.62%17.68%
19942.67%-1.42%$44,7632.01%$59,507-1.17%$53,1224.20%-7.04%-0.17%-2.17%
19952.54%17.90%$52,77620.75%$71,85318.38%$62,8875.71%30.09%35.79%0.98%
19963.32%1.96%$53,80913.07%$81,2428.19%$68,0365.17%-1.26%20.96%-4.59%
19971.70%9.56%$58,95418.11%$95,9534.79%$71,2975.22%13.90%30.99%-21.41%
19981.61%9.01%$64,26714.12%$109,50011.22%$79,2964.97%13.05%23.26%-0.83%
19992.68%-1.94%$63,01714.29%$125,14912.33%$89,0754.77%-8.66%23.81%0.85%
20003.39%12.86%$71,119-2.29%$122,281-8.01%$81,9415.99%19.72%-10.57%-5.44%
20011.55%4.00%$73,966-3.63%$117,838-5.11%$77,7543.70%4.31%-10.97%0.75%
20022.38%9.16%$80,743-9.66%$106,4592.30%$79,5461.65%16.67%-20.96%25.57%
20031.88%1.86%$82,24416.20%$123,70425.62%$99,9261.04%2.68%31.35%19.89%
20043.26%4.22%$85,7176.92%$132,2648.58%$108,5021.32%7.12%12.52%4.65%
20053.42%4.87%$89,8934.56%$138,29511.87%$121,3833.14%6.61%5.98%17.76%
20062.54%3.28%$92,84210.17%$152,35419.03%$144,4814.82%1.74%15.51%22.55%
20074.08%6.90%$99,2495.03%$160,01117.97%$170,4474.56%9.24%5.49%30.45%
20080.09%12.02%$111,181-17.75%$131,604-16.06%$143,0781.53%22.51%-37.04%4.92%
20092.72%-5.95%$104,56514.43%$150,59126.36%$180,7980.16%-12.06%28.70%24.03%
20101.50%4.53%$109,3078.62%$163,56623.18%$222,7110.14%8.93%17.09%29.27%
20112.96%14.67%$125,3440.51%$164,4085.26%$234,4350.07%29.28%0.96%9.57%
20121.74%1.77%$127,5658.17%$177,83511.43%$261,2220.08%3.46%16.25%6.60%
20131.50%-6.49%$119,28916.70%$207,5352.51%$267,7790.05%-13.03%33.35%-28.33%
20140.76%12.65%$134,3846.23%$220,4685.12%$281,4920.03%25.27%12.43%-2.19%
20150.73%-0.74%$133,3860.17%$220,846-5.19%$266,8830.05%-1.54%0.29%-10.67%
20162.07%0.75%$134,3906.41%$235,01210.28%$294,3270.30%1.21%12.53%8.03%
20172.11%4.74%$140,75510.97%$260,78416.93%$344,1570.88%8.59%21.05%12.81%
20181.91%-0.00%$140,754-1.68%$256,414-3.60%$331,7731.90%-1.90%-5.26%-1.94%
20192.29%8.13%$152,19116.39%$298,43224.25%$412,2352.13%14.13%30.65%17.86%
20201.36%9.37%$166,44410.65%$330,23022.84%$506,3980.44%18.29%20.87%24.81%
20217.04%-2.34%$162,54712.82%$372,55310.72%$560,6820.04%-4.73%25.59%-4.15%
20226.45%-13.88%$139,987-8.89%$339,428-10.19%$503,5631.82%-29.58%-19.60%-0.77%
20232.21%3.07%$144,2845.33%$357,5098.08%$544,2581.97%4.17%8.69%7.47%
Annual return for 2023 is from 01/01/2023 to 05/31/2023

Risk and Return Metrics

MetricT-Bills/LTTStock/T-BillsStock/Gold
Arithmetic Mean (monthly)0.50%0.68%0.80%
Arithmetic Mean (annualized)6.23%8.52%10.05%
Geometric Mean (monthly)0.49%0.66%0.74%
Geometric Mean (annualized)6.05%8.19%9.20%
Standard Deviation (monthly)1.66%2.25%3.62%
Standard Deviation (annualized)5.75%7.80%12.55%
Downside Deviation (monthly)0.87%1.41%2.16%
Maximum Drawdown-20.71%-26.83%-33.29%
Stock Market Correlation0.051.000.66
Beta(*)0.020.500.53
Alpha (annualized)5.82%2.20%3.22%
R20.29%99.18%43.45%
Sharpe Ratio0.320.510.43
Sortino Ratio0.500.730.66
Treynor Ratio (%)90.827.9410.10
Calmar Ratio-0.240.590.47
Active Return-5.32%-3.18%-2.18%
Tracking Error16.31%7.85%11.94%
Information Ratio-0.33-0.41-0.18
Skewness0.36-0.77-0.03
Excess Kurtosis1.222.403.84
Historical Value-at-Risk (5%)2.12%3.35%4.42%
Analytical Value-at-Risk (5%)2.23%3.02%5.16%
Conditional Value-at-Risk (5%)2.88%4.82%7.19%
Upside Capture Ratio (%)13.4452.3856.67
Downside Capture Ratio (%)-12.3446.0347.21
Safe Withdrawal Rate4.26%5.89%6.36%
Perpetual Withdrawal Rate2.38%4.32%5.22%
Positive Periods344 out of 545 (63.12%)367 out of 545 (67.34%)325 out of 545 (59.63%)
Gain/Loss Ratio1.311.051.25
* US stock market is used as the benchmark for calculations. Value-at-risk metrics are monthly values.

Drawdowns

Historical Market Stress Periods

Stress PeriodStartEndT-Bills/LTTStock/T-BillsStock/Gold
Black Monday PeriodSep 1987Nov 1987-1.48%-15.93%-11.77%
Asian CrisisJul 1997Jan 1998-1.10%-1.86%-4.56%
Russian Debt DefaultJul 1998Oct 1998-0.72%-8.91%-12.95%
Dotcom CrashMar 2000Oct 2002-3.89%-21.06%-16.85%
Subprime CrisisNov 2007Mar 2009-4.68%-26.83%-26.02%
COVID-19 StartJan 2020Mar 20200.00%-10.29%-10.62%

Drawdowns for T-Bills/LTT

RankStartEndLengthRecovery ByRecovery TimeUnderwater PeriodDrawdown
1Aug 2020Oct 20222 years 3 months-20.71%
2Aug 2012Dec 20131 year 5 monthsNov 201411 months2 years 4 months-8.51%
3Sep 1979Feb 19806 monthsMay 19803 months9 months-7.88%
4Aug 2016Dec 20165 monthsMay 20192 years 5 months2 years 10 months-7.55%
5Feb 2015Jun 20155 monthsJun 20161 year1 year 5 months-6.72%
6Sep 2010Jan 20115 monthsAug 20117 months1 year-6.52%
7Jan 2009Dec 20091 yearJun 20106 months1 year 6 months-5.95%
8Jul 1980Oct 19804 monthsOct 19811 year1 year 4 months-5.65%
9Jun 2003Jul 20032 monthsMar 20048 months10 months-5.07%
10Mar 1987Sep 19877 monthsJan 19884 months11 months-4.46%
Worst 10 drawdowns included above

Drawdowns for Stock/T-Bills

RankStartEndLengthRecovery ByRecovery TimeUnderwater PeriodDrawdown
1Nov 2007Feb 20091 year 4 monthsJan 20111 year 11 months3 years 3 months-26.83%
2Sep 2000Sep 20022 years 1 monthDec 20042 years 3 months4 years 4 months-21.06%
3Sep 1987Nov 19873 monthsJan 19891 year 2 months1 year 5 months-15.93%
4Jan 2022Sep 20229 months-12.05%
5Feb 2020Mar 20202 monthsJul 20204 months6 months-10.29%
6May 2011Sep 20115 monthsFeb 20125 months10 months-9.26%
7Jul 1998Aug 19982 monthsNov 19983 months5 months-8.91%
8Oct 2018Dec 20183 monthsApr 20194 months7 months-7.18%
9Jul 1990Oct 19904 monthsJan 19913 months7 months-6.51%
10Mar 1980Mar 19801 monthMay 19802 months3 months-5.54%
Worst 10 drawdowns included above

Drawdowns for Stock/Gold

RankStartEndLengthRecovery ByRecovery TimeUnderwater PeriodDrawdown
1Dec 1980Jun 19821 year 7 monthsNov 19853 years 5 months5 years-33.29%
2Mar 2008Oct 20088 monthsNov 20091 year 1 month1 year 9 months-26.02%
3Feb 1980Mar 19802 monthsJun 19803 months5 months-18.61%
4Apr 2022Sep 20226 months-17.31%
5Jan 2000Sep 20022 years 9 monthsAug 200311 months3 years 8 months-16.91%
6May 1998Aug 19984 monthsDec 19984 months8 months-14.57%
7Sep 1987Nov 19873 monthsNov 19892 years2 years 3 months-11.77%
8Feb 2020Mar 20202 monthsMay 20202 months4 months-10.62%
9Nov 1978Nov 19781 monthJan 19792 months3 months-10.50%
10Sep 2011Sep 20111 monthJan 20124 months5 months-9.63%
Worst 10 drawdowns included above

Portfolio Assets

NameCAGRStdevBest YearWorst YearMax DrawdownSharpe RatioSortino RatioMarket Correlation
Cash4.33%1.06%15.29%0.03%0.00%N/AN/A0.01
Long Term Treasury7.32%11.39%47.10%-29.58%-40.02%0.310.480.06
US Stock Market11.38%15.58%35.79%-37.04%-50.89%0.500.721.00
Gold5.42%18.55%126.55%-32.60%-61.78%0.150.230.06

Portfolio Asset Performance

NameTotal ReturnAnnualized Return
3 MonthYear To Date1 year3 year5 year10 year
Cash1.21%1.97%3.65%1.29%1.52%0.95%
Long Term Treasury2.26%4.17%-8.46%-11.91%-0.75%1.35%
US Stock Market4.12%8.69%1.89%12.00%9.87%11.28%
Gold7.39%7.47%6.53%3.82%8.17%3.13%
Trailing returns as of last calendar month ending May 2023

Monthly Correlations

NameCashLong Term TreasuryUS Stock MarketGoldT-Bills/LTTStock/T-BillsStock/Gold
Cash1.000.070.01-0.020.160.07-0.01
Long Term Treasury0.071.000.060.090.990.060.12
US Stock Market0.010.061.000.060.051.000.66
Gold-0.020.090.061.000.090.050.78

Portfolio Return Decomposition

NameT-Bills/LTTStock/T-BillsStock/Gold
Cash$38,968$60,708
Long Term Treasury$95,316
US Stock Market$286,801$347,092
Gold$187,167
Return attribution decomposes portfolio gains into its constituent parts and identifies the contribution to returns by each of the assets.

Portfolio Risk Decomposition

NameT-Bills/LTTStock/T-BillsStock/Gold
Cash1.48%0.50%
Long Term Treasury98.52%
US Stock Market99.50%41.37%
Gold58.63%
Risk attribution decomposes portfolio risk into its constituent parts and identifies the contribution to overall volatility by each of the assets.

Annual Asset Returns

Rolling Returns

Roll PeriodT-Bills/LTTStock/T-BillsStock/Gold
AverageHighLowAverageHighLowAverageHighLow
1 year6.39%35.74%-15.48%8.55%35.17%-21.74%9.95%97.09%-25.74%
3 years6.62%19.36%-5.03%8.35%18.52%-6.51%8.69%38.78%-4.66%
5 years6.74%18.99%-0.29%8.18%17.53%-1.00%8.34%22.23%-0.52%
7 years6.72%15.16%0.29%8.01%15.55%0.46%8.17%14.29%2.34%
10 years6.59%13.05%0.68%7.81%13.32%0.88%8.10%14.31%3.86%
15 years6.50%11.00%2.29%7.53%12.43%3.47%8.08%10.93%3.84%

Annualized Rolling Return - 3 Years

Annualized Rolling Return - 5 Years