This portfolio backtesting tool allows you to construct one or more portfolios based on the selected asset class level allocations in order to analyze and backtest portfolio returns, risk characteristics, drawdowns, and rolling returns. You can compare up to three different portfolios against the selected benchmark, and you can also specify any periodic contribution or withdrawal cashflows and the preferred portfolio rebalancing strategy.
You can also use the portfolio backtesting tool to build and compare portfolios based on specific mutual funds, ETFs, and stocks.
Portfolio Analysis Results (Jan 1978 - Apr 2022)
Note: The time period was constrained by the available data for Long Term Treasury [Jan 1978 - Apr 2022].
* The number in parentheses shows the calculated value taking into account the periodic withdrawals.
Trailing Returns
Trailing Returns
Name
Total Return
Annualized Return
Annualized Standard Deviation
3 Month
Year To Date
1 year
3 year
5 year
10 year
Full
3 year
5 year
Portfolio 1
-4.38%
-6.90%
-0.69%
7.58%
6.38%
4.82%
8.11%
7.83%
6.55%
Portfolio 2
-5.95%
-9.27%
-1.10%
9.72%
8.04%
6.19%
9.27%
10.34%
8.66%
Trailing return and volatility are as of last full calendar month ending April 2022
Notes on results:
IMPORTANT: The projections or other information generated by Portfolio Visualizer regarding the likelihood of various investment outcomes are hypothetical in nature, do not reflect actual investment results and are not guarantees of future results. Results may vary with each use and over time.
The results do not constitute investment advice or recommendation, are provided solely for informational purposes, and are not an offer to buy or sell any securities. All use is subject to terms of service.
Investing involves risk, including possible loss of principal. Past performance is not a guarantee of future results.
Asset allocation and diversification strategies do not guarantee a profit or protect against a loss.
Hypothetical returns do not reflect trading costs, transaction fees, commissions, or actual taxes due on investment returns.
The results are based on information from a variety of sources we consider reliable, but we do not represent that the information is accurate or complete.
Portfolio model information represents a blended portfolio consisting of the model's underlying positions and assigned weights provided by the user and rebalanced at the specified schedule. The results were constructed using net of fee mutual fund performance. Portfolio Visualizer does not provide preferential treatment to any specific security or investment.
The results are based on the total return of assets and assume that all received dividends and distributions are reinvested.
Compound annualized growth rate (CAGR) is the annualized geometric mean return of the portfolio. It is calculated from the portfolio start and end balance and is thus impacted by any cashflows.
The time-weighted rate of return (TWRR) is a measure of the compound rate of growth in a portfolio. This is calculated from the holding period returns (e.g. monthly returns), and TWRR will thus not be impacted by cashflows. If there are no external cashflows, TWRR will equal CAGR.
The money-weighted rate of return (MWRR) is the internal rate of return (IRR) taking into account cashflows. This is the discount rate at which the present value of cash inflows equals the present value of cash outflows.
Standard deviation (Stdev) is used to measure the dispersion of returns around the mean and is often used as a measure of risk. A higher standard deviation implies greater the dispersion of data points around the mean.
Sharpe Ratio is a measure of risk-adjusted performance of the portfolio, and it is calculated by dividing the mean monthly excess return of the portfolio over the risk-free rate by the standard deviation of excess return, and the displayed value is annualized.
Sortino Ratio is a measure of risk-adjusted return which is a modification of the Sharpe Ratio. While the latter is the ratio of average returns in excess of a risk-free rate divided by the standard deviation of those excess returns, the Sortino Ratio has the same denominator divided by the standard deviation of returns below the risk-free rate.
Treynor Ratio is a measure of risk-adjusted performance of the portfolio. It is similar to the Sharpe Ratio, but it uses portfolio beta (systematic risk) as the risk metric in the denominator.
Calmar Ratio is a measure of risk-adjusted performance of the portfolio. It is calculated as the annualized return over the past 36 months divided by the maximum drawdown over the past 36 months based on monthly returns.
Risk-free returns are calculated based on the Federal Reserve 3-Month Treasury Bill (secondary market) rates.
Downside deviation measures the downside volatility of the portfolio returns unlike standard deviation, which includes both upside and downside deviations. Downside deviation is calculated based on negative returns that hurt the portfolio performance.
Correlation measures to what degree the returns of the two assets move in relation to each other. Correlation coefficient is a numerical value between -1 and +1. If one variable goes up by a certain amount, the correlation coefficient indicates which way the other variable moves and by how much. Asset correlations are calculated based on monthly returns.
Skewness is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution or returns from a normal Gaussian distribution shape about its mean. Negative skewness is associated with the left (typically negative returns) tail of the distribution extending further than the right tail; and positive skewness is associated with the right (typically positive returns) tail of the distribution extending further than the left tail.
Excess kurtosis is a measure of whether a data distribution is peaked or flat relative to a normal distribution. Distributions with high kurtosis tend to have a distinct peak near the mean, decline rather rapidly, and have heavy or fat tails.
A drawdown refers to the decline in value of a single investment or an investment portfolio from a relative peak value to a relative trough. A maximum drawdown (Max Drawdown) is the maximum observed loss from a peak to a trough of a portfolio before a new peak is attained. Drawdown values are calculated based on monthly returns.
Value at Risk (VaR) measures the scale of loss at a given confidence level. If the 5% VaR is -3% the portfolio return is expected to be greater than -3% 95% of the time and less than -3% 5% of the time. Value at Risk can be calculated directly based on historical returns based on a given percentile or analytically based on the mean and standard deviation of the returns.
Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) measures the scale of the expected loss once the specific Value at Risk (VaR) breakpoint has been breached, i.e., it calculates the average tail loss by taking a weighted average between the value at risk and losses exceeding the value at risk.
Beta is a measure of systematic risk and measures the volatility of a particular investment relative to the market or its benchmark. Alpha measures the active return of the investment compared to the market benchmark return. R-squared is the percentage of a portfolio's movements that can be explained by movements in the selected benchmark index.
Active return is the investment return minus the return of its benchmark. For periods longer than 12 months this is displayed as annualized value, i.e., annualized investment return minus annualized benchmark return.
Tracking error, also known as active risk, is the standard deviation of active return. This is displayed as annualized value based on the standard deviation of monthly active returns.
Information ratio is the active return divided by the tracking error. It measures whether the investment outperformed its benchmark consistently.
Gain/Loss ratio is a measure of downside risk, and it is calculated as the average positive return in up periods divided by the average negative return in down periods.
Upside Capture Ratio measures how well the fund performed relative to the benchmark when the market was up, and Downside Capture Ratio measures how well the fund performed relative to the benchmark when the market was down. An upside capture ratio greater than 100 would indicate that the fund outperformed its benchmark when the market was up, and a downside capture ratio below 100 would indicate that the fund lost less than its benchmark when the market was down. To calculate upside capture ratio a new series from the portfolio returns is constructed by dropping all time periods where the benchmark return is less than equal to zero. The up capture is then the quotient of the annualized return of the resulting manager series, divided by the annualized return of the resulting benchmark series. The downside capture ratio is calculated analogously.
All risk measures for the portfolio and portfolio assets are calculated based on monthly returns.
The annual results for 2022 are based on monthly returns from January to April.
Drawdown analysis is calculated based on monthly returns excluding cashflows.
The results assume annual rebalancing of portfolio assets to match the specified allocation.
Inflation adjusted annual withdrawal of $4,000 was applied at the end of each period. This is reflected in the CAGR and maximum drawdown shown above.
Annual returns for the configured portfolios
Year
Inflation
Cashflow
Portfolio 1
Portfolio 2
US Large Cap
Long Term Treasury
Cash
Gold
Return
Balance
Return
Balance
1978
9.02%
-$4,361
12.20%
$107,837
13.70%
$109,339
5.87%
-1.55%
7.45%
37.01%
1979
13.29%
-$4,940
38.25%
$144,140
47.20%
$156,010
18.05%
-2.10%
10.49%
126.55%
1980
12.52%
-$5,559
13.56%
$158,133
14.22%
$172,629
31.92%
-4.99%
12.15%
15.19%
1981
8.92%
-$6,055
-5.47%
$143,434
-12.31%
$145,321
-5.21%
0.65%
15.29%
-32.60%
1982
3.83%
-$6,287
23.62%
$171,022
27.60%
$179,150
20.97%
47.10%
11.45%
14.94%
1983
3.79%
-$6,525
3.18%
$169,938
1.43%
$175,190
21.29%
-1.29%
9.03%
-16.31%
1984
3.95%
-$6,783
3.31%
$168,781
1.08%
$170,292
6.21%
16.24%
10.17%
-19.38%
1985
3.80%
-$7,040
20.50%
$196,346
24.77%
$205,440
31.23%
36.90%
7.88%
6.00%
1986
1.10%
-$7,118
18.54%
$225,632
22.58%
$244,717
18.06%
30.87%
6.28%
18.96%
1987
4.43%
-$7,433
8.06%
$236,387
8.73%
$258,645
4.71%
-2.92%
5.93%
24.53%
1988
4.42%
-$7,762
4.23%
$238,623
3.50%
$259,938
16.22%
9.15%
6.80%
-15.26%
1989
4.65%
-$8,122
13.77%
$263,351
15.64%
$292,482
31.36%
17.93%
8.61%
-2.84%
1990
6.11%
-$8,618
1.81%
$259,497
-0.25%
$283,134
-3.32%
5.78%
7.89%
-3.11%
1991
3.06%
-$8,882
11.20%
$279,679
13.20%
$311,636
30.22%
17.43%
5.71%
-8.56%
1992
2.90%
-$9,140
3.17%
$279,396
3.08%
$312,080
7.42%
7.41%
3.57%
-5.73%
1993
2.75%
-$9,391
11.85%
$303,118
14.74%
$348,677
9.89%
16.78%
3.05%
17.68%
1994
2.67%
-$9,643
-0.96%
$290,570
-2.64%
$329,834
1.18%
-7.04%
4.20%
-2.17%
1995
2.54%
-$9,887
18.56%
$334,603
22.99%
$395,760
37.45%
30.09%
5.71%
0.98%
1996
3.32%
-$10,216
5.55%
$342,962
5.85%
$408,696
22.88%
-1.26%
5.17%
-4.59%
1997
1.70%
-$10,390
7.73%
$359,073
8.81%
$434,304
33.19%
13.90%
5.22%
-21.41%
1998
1.61%
-$10,557
11.45%
$389,641
13.76%
$483,526
28.62%
13.05%
4.97%
-0.83%
1999
2.68%
-$10,841
4.51%
$396,364
4.59%
$494,862
21.07%
-8.66%
4.77%
0.85%
2000
3.39%
-$11,208
2.80%
$396,268
1.63%
$491,735
-9.06%
19.72%
5.99%
-5.44%
2001
1.55%
-$11,382
-0.82%
$381,647
-2.42%
$468,453
-12.02%
4.31%
3.70%
0.75%
2002
2.38%
-$11,652
5.44%
$390,745
6.41%
$486,835
-22.15%
16.67%
1.65%
25.57%
2003
1.88%
-$11,871
13.03%
$429,777
17.14%
$558,392
28.50%
2.68%
1.04%
19.89%
2004
3.26%
-$12,258
5.96%
$443,126
7.54%
$588,211
10.74%
7.12%
1.32%
4.65%
2005
3.42%
-$12,676
8.07%
$466,211
9.66%
$632,383
4.77%
6.61%
3.14%
17.76%
2006
2.54%
-$12,998
11.19%
$505,371
13.33%
$703,703
15.64%
1.74%
4.82%
22.55%
2007
4.08%
-$13,529
12.41%
$554,563
14.93%
$795,242
5.39%
9.24%
4.56%
30.45%
2008
0.09%
-$13,541
-2.01%
$529,858
-3.53%
$753,605
-37.02%
22.51%
1.53%
4.92%
2009
2.72%
-$13,910
9.65%
$567,098
12.96%
$837,331
26.49%
-12.06%
0.16%
24.03%
2010
1.50%
-$14,118
13.31%
$628,479
17.68%
$971,225
14.91%
8.93%
0.14%
29.27%
2011
2.96%
-$14,536
10.22%
$678,166
13.49%
$1,087,675
1.97%
29.28%
0.07%
9.57%
2012
1.74%
-$14,789
6.49%
$707,404
8.70%
$1,167,521
15.82%
3.46%
0.08%
6.60%
2013
1.50%
-$15,011
-2.28%
$676,247
-2.71%
$1,120,894
32.18%
-13.03%
0.05%
-28.33%
2014
0.76%
-$15,125
9.16%
$723,050
12.21%
$1,242,649
13.51%
25.27%
0.03%
-2.19%
2015
0.73%
-$15,235
-2.73%
$688,101
-3.60%
$1,182,639
1.25%
-1.54%
0.05%
-10.67%
2016
2.07%
-$15,551
5.34%
$709,285
7.07%
$1,250,673
11.82%
1.21%
0.30%
8.03%
2017
2.11%
-$15,879
10.99%
$771,337
14.43%
$1,415,253
21.67%
8.59%
0.88%
12.81%
2018
1.91%
-$16,183
-1.62%
$742,679
-2.81%
$1,359,322
-4.53%
-1.90%
1.90%
-1.94%
2019
2.29%
-$16,552
16.36%
$847,618
21.21%
$1,631,015
31.33%
14.13%
2.13%
17.86%
2020
1.36%
-$16,778
15.45%
$961,781
20.43%
$1,947,434
18.25%
18.29%
0.44%
24.81%
2021
7.04%
-$17,958
4.93%
$991,224
6.78%
$2,061,443
28.55%
-4.73%
0.04%
-4.15%
2022
3.70%
$0.00
-6.90%
$922,840
-9.27%
$1,870,375
-12.96%
-18.21%
0.10%
3.48%
Annual return for 2022 is from 01/01/2022 to 04/30/2022
Portfolio return and risk metrics
Metric
Portfolio 1
Portfolio 2
Arithmetic Mean (monthly)
0.67%
0.78%
Arithmetic Mean (annualized)
8.38%
9.75%
Geometric Mean (monthly)
0.65%
0.74%
Geometric Mean (annualized)
8.11%
9.27%
Standard Deviation (monthly)
2.05%
2.72%
Standard Deviation (annualized)
7.09%
9.42%
Downside Deviation (monthly)
1.09%
1.51%
Maximum Drawdown
-13.49%
-20.70%
Stock Market Correlation
0.57
0.58
Beta(*)
0.26
0.36
Alpha (annualized)
4.85%
4.97%
R2
32.79%
34.15%
Sharpe Ratio
0.53
0.54
Sortino Ratio
0.85
0.85
Treynor Ratio (%)
14.46
14.21
Calmar Ratio
1.10
1.05
Active Return
-3.52%
-2.36%
Tracking Error
12.78%
12.54%
Information Ratio
-0.28
-0.19
Skewness
0.14
0.07
Excess Kurtosis
2.79
2.77
Historical Value-at-Risk (5%)
-2.26%
-3.16%
Analytical Value-at-Risk (5%)
-2.69%
-3.69%
Conditional Value-at-Risk (5%)
-3.59%
-4.93%
Upside Capture Ratio (%)
34.24
43.39
Downside Capture Ratio (%)
14.83
24.43
Safe Withdrawal Rate
5.64%
6.32%
Perpetual Withdrawal Rate
4.27%
5.29%
Positive Periods
339 out of 532 (63.72%)
333 out of 532 (62.59%)
Gain/Loss Ratio
1.39
1.30
* US stock market is used as the benchmark for calculations. Value-at-risk metrics are based on monthly values.
Drawdowns for Historical Market Stress Periods
Drawdowns for Historical Market Stress Periods
Stress Period
Start
End
Portfolio 1
Portfolio 2
Black Monday Period
Sep 1987
Nov 1987
-6.06%
-8.57%
Asian Crisis
Jul 1997
Jan 1998
-2.31%
-3.20%
Russian Debt Default
Jul 1998
Oct 1998
-4.80%
-6.67%
Dotcom Crash
Mar 2000
Oct 2002
-4.94%
-7.80%
Subprime Crisis
Nov 2007
Mar 2009
-13.49%
-18.26%
COVID-19 Start
Jan 2020
Mar 2020
-1.63%
-2.39%
Drawdowns for Portfolio 1
Drawdowns for Portfolio 1 (worst 10)
Rank
Start
End
Length
Recovery By
Recovery Time
Underwater Period
Drawdown
1
Mar 2008
Oct 2008
8 months
Sep 2009
11 months
1 year 7 months
-13.49%
2
Dec 1980
Mar 1982
1 year 4 months
Aug 1982
5 months
1 year 9 months
-11.30%
3
Feb 1980
Mar 1980
2 months
Jun 1980
3 months
5 months
-10.76%
4
Aug 2016
Dec 2016
5 months
Aug 2017
8 months
1 year 1 month
-6.92%
5
Jan 2022
Apr 2022
4 months
-6.90%
6
Oct 2012
Jun 2013
9 months
Feb 2014
8 months
1 year 5 months
-6.87%
7
Feb 2015
Sep 2015
8 months
Apr 2016
7 months
1 year 3 months
-6.23%
8
Sep 1987
Nov 1987
3 months
Jan 1989
1 year 2 months
1 year 5 months
-6.06%
9
Nov 1978
Nov 1978
1 month
Jan 1979
2 months
3 months
-5.52%
10
Sep 2000
Mar 2001
7 months
Mar 2002
1 year
1 year 7 months
-4.94%
Worst 10 drawdowns included above
Drawdowns for Portfolio 2
Drawdowns for Portfolio 2 (worst 10)
Rank
Start
End
Length
Recovery By
Recovery Time
Underwater Period
Drawdown
1
Dec 1980
Mar 1982
1 year 4 months
Oct 1982
7 months
1 year 11 months
-20.70%
2
Mar 2008
Oct 2008
8 months
Sep 2009
11 months
1 year 7 months
-18.26%
3
Feb 1980
Mar 1980
2 months
Jun 1980
3 months
5 months
-14.73%
4
May 1983
Jul 1984
1 year 3 months
Jan 1985
6 months
1 year 9 months
-9.32%
5
Jan 2022
Apr 2022
4 months
-9.27%
6
Oct 2012
Jun 2013
9 months
Feb 2014
8 months
1 year 5 months
-8.85%
7
Aug 2016
Dec 2016
5 months
Aug 2017
8 months
1 year 1 month
-8.80%
8
Sep 1987
Nov 1987
3 months
May 1989
1 year 6 months
1 year 9 months
-8.57%
9
Feb 2015
Sep 2015
8 months
Apr 2016
7 months
1 year 3 months
-8.16%
10
Sep 2000
Mar 2001
7 months
Dec 2002
1 year 9 months
2 years 4 months
-7.80%
Worst 10 drawdowns included above
Portfolio Assets
Performance statistics for portfolio components
Name
CAGR
Stdev
Best Year
Worst Year
Max Drawdown
Sharpe Ratio
Sortino Ratio
Market Correlation
US Large Cap
11.67%
15.08%
37.45%
-37.02%
-50.97%
0.53
0.77
0.99
Long Term Treasury
7.77%
11.23%
47.10%
-18.21%
-27.15%
0.34
0.55
0.03
Cash
4.35%
1.07%
15.29%
0.03%
0.00%
N/A
N/A
0.01
Gold
5.48%
18.63%
126.55%
-32.60%
-61.78%
0.15
0.23
0.05
Portfolio Asset Performance
Performance of portfolio assets
Name
Total Return
Annualized Return
3 Month
Year To Date
1 year
3 year
5 year
10 year
US Large Cap
-8.20%
-12.96%
0.07%
13.70%
13.51%
13.51%
Long Term Treasury
-15.09%
-18.21%
-12.23%
0.82%
1.65%
2.49%
Cash
0.09%
0.10%
0.12%
0.63%
1.06%
0.60%
Gold
5.25%
3.48%
6.79%
13.44%
7.93%
0.89%
Trailing returns as of last calendar month ending April 2022
Monthly Correlations
Correlations for the portfolio assets
Name
US Large Cap
Long Term Treasury
Cash
Gold
Portfolio 1
Portfolio 2
US Large Cap
1.00
0.05
0.01
0.03
0.57
0.58
Long Term Treasury
0.05
1.00
0.07
0.07
0.48
0.47
Cash
0.01
0.07
1.00
-0.03
0.06
0.02
Gold
0.03
0.07
-0.03
1.00
0.73
0.72
Portfolio Return Decomposition
Portfolio return decomposition
Name
Portfolio 1
Portfolio 2
US Large Cap
$567,336
$1,142,302
Long Term Treasury
$318,428
$539,806
Cash
$127,538
Gold
$297,828
$576,557
Return attribution decomposes portfolio gains into its constituent parts and identifies the contribution to returns by each of the assets.
Portfolio Risk Decomposition
Portfolio risk decomposition
Name
Portfolio 1
Portfolio 2
US Large Cap
31.20%
32.51%
Long Term Treasury
19.41%
19.15%
Cash
0.23%
Gold
49.16%
48.33%
Risk attribution decomposes portfolio risk into its constituent parts and identifies the contribution to overall volatility by each of the assets.